investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of lymphoid neoplasm among patients with HL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), and lymphoproliferative syndrome [41]. ©2020 Lymphoma Info. Glaser and Hsu analyzed 225 US-born cases and 1,477 foreign-born cases with data from the US SEER cancer registry, California Cancer Registry, and the International Agency on Cancer registry, all of which had preassigned ethnicity according to their own standards.
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With the belief that smoking had been considered a risk factor for HL only among men, Glaser et al. None of the authors have conflict of interests. As material deprivation increased (among Townsend score quartiles), so did the proportion of EBV-positive HL cases ( studied the association between social inequality and incidence of HL and NHL, and leukemia in 8,638 cases in comparison to a cohort of 3.22 million people, the Denmark population [33]. If individuals attended day care for more than 1 year, the risk of HL dropped by 36%. Researchers surveyed 565 HIV-negative HL cases and 679 controls in Massachusetts and Connecticut and inquired about level of parental education, homeownership status, number of siblings, housing density, birth order, and nursery school/day care attendance. Oddly enough, association between infectious mononucleosis and HL was most prevalent in young adults, although virus presence in tumor cells was least frequent for this age group [42]. For US-born Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and Asian Indian men, the annual age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 individuals in the population were 0.7, 0.8, 1.4, and 2.9, respectively. Exposure to ultraviolet light (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.4–0.96) and diagnosis of measles (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.53–0.94) was negatively associated with HL, whereas a diagnosis of shingles was positively associated with HL (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.31–3.56). Treatment strategies for HL stratify patients into categories based upon prognostic factors, which include stage (as classified by the Ann Arbor staging system or its Cotswold modification), age, anemia, and sedimentation rate [13]. In the United Kingdom, one study followed 500 seronegative college students. Scully RE, et al., Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. In this same age group, attendance of nursery school or day care lowered HL risk by 13%. Patients with EBV exposure, which may clinically present itself as IM, are at a higher risk of HL due to the molecular biology of the virus [42, 48, 50, 51]. and Flavell et al. Townsend score was determined by the percent of unemployed residents, percent of households without cars, percent of households not owner-occupied, and percent of households with more than one person per room yielding a possible range of −12 to +12 (by combining Clinical, Molecular, and Environmental Risk Factors for Hodgkin Lymphoma, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Childhood environmental tobacco smoke (F 19–44 years), Behaviors (thumb-sucking/putting things in mouth) resulting in early oral exposure than twin, Having less than a high school education (15–54 years). ), eczema ( The molecular biology of virus-related HL is still not well understood but attempts at isolating specific transcription factors and genes associated with the disease are underway. A. Weiyun, “Hodgkin lymphoma,”, V. T. Devita Jr., A.
evaluated HL incidence pattern in Singapore between 1968 and 2004, a period when Singapore experienced a major socioeconomic shift towards Western lifestyle [16]. ), and were resistant to treatment (47.4% versus 27.7%, Pahwa et al.
Social environment and peer influence affect a variety of personal health choices, from exercise and taking certain medication to smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol, that are also associated with HL risk. Comorbidity was measured with the Charlson comorbidity index. Rather than studying EBV influence on incidence, Keegan et al.
Among HL patients (
The information in NORD’s Rare Disease Database is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional. These data suggest that ethnicity and material deprivation independently influence the development of EBV-associated HL. The content of the website and databases of the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is copyrighted and may not be reproduced, copied, downloaded or disseminated, in any way, for any commercial or public purpose, without prior written authorization and approval from NORD.
That much cannot be determined. These bean-shaped organs, known as lymph nodes, create cells needed to fight infections.
and Glaser et al. Some affected individuals may also have fever, night sweats, weight loss, and, rarely, bone pain.
The cause of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown but it may be caused by a virus. ) and NFKB1 haplotypes ( Hjalgrim et al.
Radiotherapy (radiation therapy) destroys lymphocytes and shrinks enlarged lymph nodes by exposing the body to powerful x-rays. Researchers considered smokers as subjects who answered “yes” to the following question: “Did you ever smoke at least a 0.5 pack of cigarettes weekly for at least a year?” Smokers were asked about intensity (packs/day), duration (years), onset age, and years since quitting if applicable.
The important findings of these possible links to HL allow individuals to opt for lifestyle modifications that may reduce the risk of developing HL and other diseases. There are also clear clinical and laboratory differences across smaller communities in certain areas as seen in the study conducted in Southern Israel [28]. Sixty-two percent of all HL cases were EBV-positive in this study population. suggests NFKB genetic involvement in HL pathogenesis. However, relatively few individuals exposed to EBV or with IM ultimately develop HL. ; G10, Although in North America and Western Europe, 30%–50% of HL cases are EBV-positive, EBV is detected in a relatively small proportion of RS/H tumor cells.
Hodgkin’s … Passive and active smoking is another lifestyle choice that has been associated with a higher risk of HL [24]. US-born Asian women also had higher incidence rates than native Asian women (0.4 versus 0.3 for Chinese, 0.6 versus 0.2 for Japanese, 1.0 versus 0.4 for Filipino, and 1.5 versus 0.6 for Asian Indians, resp.).
EBV-related HL was most prevalent in Saudi Arabia (87.5%) and least prevalent in the United Kingdom (30.8%). ) compared to the other groups.
The study explored clinical features, demographic data, stage at diagnosis, treatment modality and outcome, and laboratory findings, and EBV expression in each of the groups.
When comparing genotypes of the two groups to confirm that EBV-unrelated HL patients would be appropriate controls, the difference in HLA-A*01 homogeneity was significant, reflecting a small number of heterozygotes among EBV-unrelated HL.
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