[67] An agreement was made under which David would return most of the territory he had taken, with the exception of Carlisle. (ed) (1998), Rielly, Edward J.
It became clear that he was dying and his old friend Prior Ralph of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, was called to Dover to attend him at the last.
How Did Rodney King Die? [1][nb 1] His father was Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres, an important French nobleman, and an active crusader, who played only a brief part in Stephen's early life. Matilda's son Henry invaded England in 1153 to claim his royal inheritance. The king responded by sending an army but then lost the battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141 CE. [140] Finally, he was overwhelmed by Robert's men and taken away from the field in custody.
Barlow, pp. [157] Instead, in November the two sides simply exchanged Robert and the King,[157] with Stephen releasing Robert on 1 November 1141. [40] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. [23] Stephen had intended to sail on the same ship but changed his mind at the last moment and got off to await another vessel, either out of concern for overcrowding on board the ship, or because he was suffering from diarrhea. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain.
[157] Henry held another church council, which this time reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup.
Barlow, p. 168; Crouch (1998), p. 264; Carpenter, p. 168. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. Donald was born under the surname Pollock, but as an adult, used the surname King. Stephen also had the advantage of being a good military leader (if not being particularly talented at anything else) and control of the royal treasury at Winchester thanks to his brother Henry being bishop there since 1129 CE. [172] By this point, however, Stephen's practice of inviting barons to court and arresting them had brought him into some disrepute and increasing distrust. King (2010), pp.
In November, he was exchanged for Gloucester, who had been captured by forces loyal to the king. Archbishop Theobald went immediately to London, where lords from all over the country assembled to greet the new king. [220], Stephen's decision to recognise Henry as his heir was, at the time, not necessarily a final solution to the civil war. [139] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France; his father, Count Stephen-Henry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother, Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. [146] When Matilda advanced to London in an effort to stage her coronation in June, though, she faced an uprising by the local citizens in support of Stephen that forced her to flee to Oxford, uncrowned. [62] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. He now faced Henry's third invasion and hoped for a decisive pitched battle, but in the event, neither side's soldiers or leaders were very keen on a fight.
[12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son William Clito the Duke of Normandy. [95] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 6 October 2020, at 08:42. [44] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories.
(2001) "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135," in Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. [34] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.
God's War: a New History of the Crusades. [47], Theobald met with the Norman barons and Robert of Gloucester at Lisieux on 21 December. [105][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the battle of Alençon, and the territories were not recovered.
Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England, and proposed to Henry in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive and insist on the Norman nobility swearing immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death. [157], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. © Copyright 2020 History Today Ltd. Company no. What year did king Stephen die? He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. In 1974, just after finishing Salem’s Lot, King sat down and pounded out a novella called “The Body.” The Normans and Their Adversaries at War.
He stabilised the northern border with Scotland, contained Geoffrey's attacks on Normandy, was at peace with Louis VI, enjoyed good relations with the church and had the broad support of his barons. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen,_King_of_England&oldid=982121504, Monarchs imprisoned and detained during war, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Matilda (died before 1141), married in infancy to, Bennett, Matthew. [94] In France, Geoffrey of Anjou took advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy. [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. [61] Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The Crown Jewels of the monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great... Henry I reigned as the king of England from 1100 to 1135 CE. In addition, barons now had the leverage to promote their own situations, some taking full advantage of the weakness in the monarchy to switch sides - Geoffrey de Mandeville infamously changed sides three times. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war.
[26] It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. [151] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time.
Barlow, pp. [43] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. [79][nb 10][nb 11], In the years following his succession, Stephen's relationship with the church became gradually more complex.
[155], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester.
Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 1000–1226. Family and friends of the civil-rights symbol are questioning his fiancée’s account of his death, Allison Samuels reports. [158] Stephen began re-establishing his authority.
[173] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. [191] Stephen marched rapidly north to York and the planned attack disintegrated, leaving Henry to return to Normandy, where he was declared duke by his father. [101], Stephen's military campaign in England had progressed well, and historian David Crouch describes it as "a military achievement of the first rank". [13] Adela and Theobald allied themselves with Henry, and Stephen's mother decided to place him in Henry's court. Unfortunately, the king could not always buy loyalty by giving out royal lands as his predecessor Henry I had already overused this strategy and left the Crown somewhat impoverished. When Eustace died in August, under the Treaty of Wallingford, Stephen agreed that Henry should be his successor.
[114] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. In 1106 he invaded and captured the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, defeating Robert's army at the battle of Tinchebray.
Web. Parts of his childhood were spent in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where his father's family was at the time, and in Stratford, Connecticut. William's children were still fighting over the collective Anglo-Norman inheritance.
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