In October 1385, Nuno Álvares Pereira led a pre-emptive attack against Mérida, in Castilian territory, defeating an even larger Castilian army than at Aljubarrota in the battle of Valverde, in Valverde de Mérida. From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, This audio file was created from a revision of the ", "Battle of Aljubarrota Foundation - Official Website", United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Line of succession to the former Portuguese throne, List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender), Genealogical tree of the monarchs of Portugal, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aljubarrota&oldid=211881, Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013, Articles with Portuguese-language external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. After his accession to the throne, John I of Portugal proceeded to annex the cities in whose military commanders supported Princess Beatrice and her husband's claims, namely Caminha, Braga and Guimarães among others. aljamiado pronunciation - How to properly say aljamiado. There was no time to halt then, and the battle would soon begin. Even before they could get into contact with the Portuguese infantry, however, they were already disorganized. Their line was enormous, due to the great number of soldiers. In order to secure his claim, John of Aviz engaged in politics and intense diplomatic negotiations with both the Holy See and England. Slowly, due to the numbers of his army (about 31,000 men), the Castilian army started to contour the hill where the Portuguese were. In this topographically high position, the Portuguese could observe the enemy's arrival and were protected by a steep slope in their front. However, the Castilian king would not relinquish his and his wife's claims to the throne. In October 1384, Richard II wrote to John (later King John I), regent of Portugal, reporting on negotiations, conducted in England, with John's envoys - Dom Fernando, master of the order of Santiago, and Laurence Fogaça, chancellor of Portugal saying that an agreement had been reached under which a small English contingent was to be sent to Portugal, to help defend the kingdom against its Castilian neighbor. [2] On 6 April 1385, (the anniversary of the "miraculous" battle of Atoleiros, a fortuitous date), the Council of the kingdom (Cortes in Portuguese) assembled in Coimbra and declared him King John I of Portugal. Portugal was no exception. This application of typical English tactical procedures had also been used by the Portuguese on the previous battle of Atoleiros and was especially effective against cavalry (the speciality of both the Castilian and the French armies). This application of typical English tactical procedures had also been used by the Portuguese in the previous battle of Atoleiros and was especially effective against cavalry (the speciality of both the Castilian and the French armies). Advancing uphill with the sun on their backs, squashed between the funnelling Portuguese defensive works and their own advancing rear, and under a heavy rain of English longbowmen's arrows shot from behind the Portuguese line and crossbow quarrels from behind both the Sweethearts' and the Honeysuckle wings on their flanks, the Castilians fought to win the day.

Russell notes that the two Portuguese leaders [Nuno Álvares and Antão Vasques] had already shown themselves masters of the new developments in methods of warfare, i.e. John's marriage to Philippa of Lancaster in 1387 initiated the Portuguese second dynasty, and their children went on to make historically significant contributions. Nuno Álvares Pereira took on the task of choosing the ground for the battle. The Foundation began its activity by recovering the battlefield of Aljubarrota. According to John of Castile, in his report of the battle, his soldiers were by then very tired from the march that had started early in the morning under a blazing August sun. Without an undisputed option, Portugal remained without a king from 1383–85, in an interregnum known as the 1383–85 Crisis. In this topographically high position, the Portuguese could observe the enemy's arrival and were protected by a steep slope in their front. Seeing the strongly defensive position occupied by the Portuguese, John of Castile decided to avoid combat on John of Portugal's terms. Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Nuno Álvares Pereira, with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese, Italian and French allies at São Jorge, between the towns of Leiria and Alcobaça, in central Portugal. On the morning of the following day, the true dimension of the battle was revealed: in the field, the bodies of Castilians were enough to dam the creeks surrounding the small hill. Also, the powerful merchants of the capital, Lisbon, were enraged at being excluded from the negotiations. Through a protocol established by the Ministry of Defense in August 2003, the Foundation received authorization to transform the Military Museum into a modern Interpretation Center of the Battle of Aljubarrota.

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