Rodale began to popularize the term and methods of organic growing, particularly to consumers through promotion of organic gardening. 1997. [18]Agricultural chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers can contaminate our environment though run-off into watercourses. Andersen, A.B. The term "organic farming" was coined by Walter James (Lord Northbourne), a student of Biodynamic Agriculture, in his book Look to the Land (written in 1939, published 1940). 2001. Delate, K. and J. DeWitt. Copyright: This article was presented at Wise Traditions 2006, the 7th annual conference of the Weston A. Lady Balfour believed that mankind's health and future depended on how the soil was used, and that non-intensive farming could produce more wholesome food. These critics argued that there is no difference between nitrogen derived from organic materials and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen because organic sources needed to be mineralized to ammonium or nitrate (for example, inorganic N) before they are available to plants. Howard’s hard-line position against the use of chemical fertilizers, however, was not shared by some of his contemporary supporters who felt that the use of artificial fertilizers could sometimes be justified.4 Howard was, however, open to the use of some naturally occurring mineral sources such as pulverized rocks.8,17. A true comparison of organic farming to non-organic farming, Howard argued, would not be an easy task.16 For example, he suggested that such a comparison should begin with “two large areas of similar worn-out land side by side” and a period of at least ten years. Rodale presciently predicted: “One of these fine days the public is going to wake up and will pay for eggs, meat, vegetables, etc., according to how they were produced.”26 In the early years of the organic movement and before there was a significant market for organic products, organic farming was done out of a passion for the philosophy.3 Today, with the growing demand for organic products, price premiums are, in some cases, attracting new converts to organic farming for financial survival. Biodynamics predates organic agriculture. 1. Fallon, S. 2005. This was of great concern to Albert Howard, who strongly advocated the Law of Return as a key principle of soil fertility management. An analogy useful to illustrate the Law of the Minimum concept is that of a chain with a weak link. Firstly, waste materials must be kept free of contamination from heavy metals or other hazardous substances. History of Agriculture itself is the history of Humanity, Human history itself is the history of Agriculture. Australian Organic Producer, Spring 2011. While the conflict16 that Howard described as a “War in the Soil” did not end in the 1980s, organic farming was clearly gaining a new level of legitimacy and recognition. Agricultural colleges and experiment stations, however, were increasingly besieged with letters of inquiry from the public and it became impossible to ignore the organic movement. On the other hand Biodynamic practices and certification have remained intact, firmly grounded in soil fertility without the compromises that have affected the U.S. organic standards. Rodale often visited Pfeiffer’s farm in Pennsylvania to share ideas, and he published articles by Pfeiffer in Organic Farming and Gardening magazine. One of the first attempts to respond to the organic advocates was undertaken by Firman E. Bear, a prominent soil chemist from Rutgers University, who in a 1947 article “Facts…and Fancies About Fertilizer,”30 referred to Sir Albert Howard, E.B. The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture. However, we may need to consider that if organic standards will not be strengthened then what are our options? In spite of the changing political situation at the national level, the already published USDA Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming continued to be read, and served to stimulate a growing interest in organic farming. This is not going back to traditional Agriculture practices. Throughout this history, the focus of agricultural research and the majority of publicized scientific findings has been on chemical, not organic, farming. Mergentime, K. 1994. 14-18. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. A more comprehensive and related review is provided by Conford in The Origins of the Organic Movement.5 Although biodynamics6 is an important branch of organic farming that was founded by Rudolf Steiner, it is not a focus of this article, which is primarily concerned with Howard’s contributions. Furthermore, it has been noted elsewhere5 that Howard “was uncompromisingly skeptical about Steiner’s biodynamic cultivation.”. It encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world. Healthy animals depended upon healthy plants (for their food), healthy plants upon healthy soil, healthy soil upon healthy animals (for the manure). His extension programs are designed to support healthy plant and animal ecosystems with the goal of establishing sustainable communities and local nutritious food systems. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA. Another implied argument is that the biological processes occurring in the soil and responsible for mineralization are of no value to soil quality. Learn the Basics of the Wise Traditions Diet Cornell Waste Management Institute. 2. [1] After the industrial revolution had introduced inorganic methods, most of which were not well developed and had serious side effects. Their research and further development of these methods is recorded in his writings, notably, his 1940 book, An Agricultural Testament, which influenced many scientists and farmers of the day. [4][5][6][7] His system was based on his philosophy of anthroposophy rather than a good understanding of science. The nutrient-dense Wise Traditions diet can provide important protection against illness and can support recovery and healing. Norberg-Hodge, H. 2000. In 1980, the USDA published the Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming for the express purpose of “increasing communication between organic farmers and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.”45 In 1981, the American Society of Agronomy held a Symposium on Organic Farming to examine the question “Can organic farming contribute to a more sustainable agriculture…?” They concluded: “The most probable answer is that it most definitely can…” also “…the soils for the two farming systems may be quite different, each with its own unique chemical and biological properties and crop production capabilities .”46 Although the USDA publication45 did not cite Howard’s work on organic farming, the American Society of Agronomy symposium publication,46 Organic Farming: Current Technology and its Role in a Sustainable Agriculture, did.

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