[93] Theobald's support immediately ebbed away, as the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen. [65] Henry's control of Normandy had faced numerous challenges since he had conquered it in 1106, and the latest threat came from his nephew William Clito, the new Count of Flanders, who enjoyed the support of the French king. [161] Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, had kept his cause alive in the south-east of England, and the Queen, backed by her lieutenant William of Ypres and reinforced with fresh troops from London, took the opportunity to advance on Winchester. [137], Matilda's fortunes changed dramatically for the better at the start of 1141. [201] Henry returned to England once again at the start of 1153 with a small army, winning the support of some of the major regional barons. Some writers use Empress Maud as their consistent designation for Empress Matilda. [16] She left England in February 1110 to make her way to Germany. Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. [194] The Empress had occupied the strategically essential Devizes Castle in 1142, maintaining her court there, but legally it still belonged to Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury, and in late 1146 Pope Eugene III intervened to support his claims, threatening Matilda with excommunication if she did not return it.

[1][nb 2] Henry was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, who had invaded England in 1066, creating an empire stretching into Wales. [231] She continued to play a special role in the government of the area around Argentan, where she held feudal rights from the grants made at the time of her second marriage. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, and still others received new earldoms in the west of England.

Henry and Adeliza did not conceive any children, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk. [37] In 1119, she returned north to meet Henry in Lotharingia. [250] Popular, but not always accurate, biographies were written by the Earl of Onslow in 1939 and Nesta Pain in 1978, but the only major academic biography in English remains Majorie Chibnall's 1991 work. [216][nb 21] This tomb was damaged in a fire in 1263 and later restored in 1282, before finally being destroyed by an English army in 1421.
Stephen became depressed and signed the Treaty of Winchester in December 1153. [243], Tudor scholars were interested in Matilda's right of succession. Rout of Winchester and the Siege of Oxford, Maude is a vernacular form of the name Matilda, and frequently used interchangeably. [225] Matilda gathered revenues from the royal estates in the counties under her control, particularly in her core territories where the sheriffs were loyal to her cause.


[173] Backed by the pragmatic Robert of Gloucester, Matilda was content to engage in a drawn-out struggle, and the war soon entered a stalemate. [72] Fulk finally left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine. [55] Henry's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125. [99] Geoffrey invaded Normandy in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded again later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. [28], Paschal fled when Henry and Matilda arrived with their army, and in his absence the papal envoy Maurice Bourdin, later the Antipope Gregory VIII, crowned the pair at St Peter's Basilica, probably that Easter and certainly (again) at Pentecost. [129] Stephen continued into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. 1167: Matilda was buried in Rouen Cathedral. [172] Many of those that had lost lands in the regions held by the King travelled west to take up patronage from Matilda. [198] Matilda first played for time, then left for Normandy in early 1148, leaving the castle to Henry, who then procrastinated over its return for many years. Matilda’s father Henry I died in December 1135. [226] While Marjorie Chibnall believed the Glastonbury and Reading Abbeys' instances of regina Anglorum are either errors for domina Anglorum or else inauthentic; David Crouch judged this unlikely to be a scribal error and pointed out that Stephen's supporters had used rex Anglorum before his formal coronation, that she was hailed as regina et domina at Winchester in March 1141, and that she "gloried in being called" the royal title.

Their younger brother Henry would become king on William II's death. [116][nb 14], Stephen responded quickly to the revolts and invasions, paying most attention to England rather than to Normandy. Birthday: February 7, 1102Date of Death: September 10, 1167Age at Death: 65. [108] Troubles rapidly began to emerge.


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