(Note: you can turn off resolution to array by passing raw instruction into variable as: ${ssm(raw):/path/to/stringlistparam}, if you need to also pass custom region, put it first as: ${ssm(eu-west-1, raw):/path/to/stringlistparam}). Data file. The problem arose as I got a deprecation warning when using serverless-pseudo-parameters, which claims Serverless Framework natively supports pseudo parameters as of version 2.3.0. This command will publish only the CODE to a permanent stage, creates a new stage if there's no stage with this name. As a result, hellostepfunc1 will only have the tag of score: 42, and not the tags at the provider level. Parameter Store is a capability of AWS Systems Manager that provides secure, hierarchical storage for configuration data management and secrets management. You can split up the stateMachines block into separate files. Separating our various environments, such as development and production, into alternate AWS accounts is a pretty common practice. This is particularly useful when deploying services to multiple environments, like a development/staging environment and a production environment. STAGE - The stage to deploy to. "feature-x"). If you created a new account, it will prompt you to give your org a name. So you can easily change that prefix for all functions by changing the FUNC_PREFIX env var. Each of your cloudformation files has to start with a Resources entity. ", "A Map example of the Amazon States Language using an AWS Lambda Function", Adding a custom logical id for a stateMachine, Adding retain property for a state machine, Customizing request body mapping templates, Customizing response headers and templates, Specify Input or Inputpath or InputTransformer, How to specify the stateMachine ARN to environment variables, How to split up state machines into files, Sample statemachines setting in serverless.yml, blue-green deployment with Step Functions, Grant permissions to the dead-letter queue, Transform a leading character into uppercase. You can configure how the CloudWatch Alarms should treat missing data: For more information, please refer to the official documentation. If you want to configure the same targets for multiple status changes, then consider using YML anchors to keep your YML succinct. And if it does not, then use the default stage specified by provider.stage. To rely on exported someModule property in myFile.js you'd use the following code ${file(./myFile.js):someModule}). Run npm install in your Serverless project. However, the documentation does not say that pseudo parameters can be used in conjunction with other variables ie. CloudFormation intrinsic functions such as Ref and Fn::GetAtt are supported. Plugins that are not compatible with v3 yet. This is why v3 comes with: If you need help updating your plugin, jump in the GitHub discussion and let us know. If you need to construct the ARN by hand, then we recommend to use the serverless-pseudo-parameters plugin together to make your life easier. The Scaleway Block Volume Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver is an implementation of the CSI interface to provide a way to manage Scaleway Block Volumes through a container orchestration system, like Kubernetes. Serverless makes it relatively easy by providing the "stage" parameter during deployment. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? Unfortunately Serverless still defaults to 'dev' if the stage variable is missing from the (existing) local file. Now, if you set the default value to empty or something that does not exist, i.e. As mentioned above, a new stage is a new API Gateway project. Serverless allows you to specify different stages to deploy your project to. For example: You can reference AWS-specific values as the source of your variables. e.g. This sets the variable to pick the value of self:custom.myEnvironment depending on the current stage defined in custom.myStage. What you can also do is to pass a --path to a json file with data as the event, and within the "event file" define the data you want. You will also need to update the environment parameter to point to the config.json: To change the stage in the serverless.yml file you need to add the following into the provider tag then deploy your function as usual. Lets dive in! You can read the complete "Upgrading to v3" guide to read about all breaking changes and instructions for specific cases. When working with a team, it's required to share your work with your colleagues for collaboration, CI/CD, manual testing and more. Keep in mind that sensitive information which is provided through environment variables can be written into less protected or publicly accessible build logs, CloudFormation templates, et cetera. The stage used by the Serverless CLI. Learn more about Serverless Premium Support. These are permanent instances like prod, staging and dev. Parameters can be defined under the new params key, and can be used via "${param:xxx}" variables: In the example above, the "${param:domain}" variable will resolve to: It is also possible to define default parameter values via the default key. . Be sure to also modify your environment ID when you change the stage if you are not working with a config file. We can take it a step further and create the API project in a different AWS account. Here's a YAML example for an events array: In your serverless.yml, depending on the type of your source file, either have the following syntax for YAML: or for a JSON reference file use this syntax: Note: If the referenced file is a symlink, the targeted file will be read. Now at deployment time, these values are avaialable to be used in our serverless.yml file: The ${param:} syntax retrieves the value stored against the key at runtime. Specify your state machine definition using Amazon States Language in a definition statement in serverless.yml. stateMachines name you can add a name property to your yaml. Sharing Authorizer is a better way to do. Clients connecting to this Rest API will then need to set any of these API keys values in the x-api-key header of their request. Deploying to stages can be pretty simple but now lets look at how to configure our environment variables so that they work with our various stages. While the Serverless Framework project provides a reliable stream of small regular updates, new features have become somewhat of a rarity for the tool looking to help devs work with serverless architectures. # Deploy the app when you feel ready to a named stage. However, if you wish to use an IAM role that you have provisioned separately, then you can override the IAM Role like this: You can share the same API Gateway between multiple projects by referencing its REST API ID and Root Resource ID in serverless.yml as follows: If your application has many nested paths, you might also want to break them out into smaller services. Serverless Framework - Cannot generate IAM policy statement for Task state. and import it in its entirety. Not the answer you're looking for? This can be achieved by adding retain property to the state machine section. Additionally you can request properties that contain arrays from either YAML or JSON reference files. Let's get started with the basic setup we need. Parameters can be defined in serverless.yml under the params key, or in Serverless Dashboard. Subscribe to the newsletter or add this blog to your RSS reader (does anyone still use them?) For example: You can reference S3 values as the source of your variables to use in your service with the s3:bucketName/key syntax. Likewise, if sls deploy --stage prod is run the config.prod.json file would be found and used. You can use CloudFormation intrinsic functions such as Ref and Fn::GetAtt to reference Lambda functions, SNS topics, SQS queues and DynamoDB tables declared in the same serverless.yml. Keep in mind that the name must begin with a letter; contain only ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens; and not end with a hyphen or contain two consecutive hyphens. If you define noOutput: true then this plugin will not generate outputs automatically. The default template would pass the request body as input to the state machine. Before we dive into the new features, let's talk about upgrading from v2 to v3. It allows changing the service configuration based on the current stage. Finally, thanks to the optional integration with Serverless Dashboard, you can also store secret values securely and retrieve them via the "${param:my-secret}" variable syntax. Creating a wrapper/frontend script would work (and i've done it before), but for simple setups I prefer to go with the standard way of executing Serverless, since it already has an attractively simple CLI interface. provider: environment: APP_DOMAIN: $ {param:domain} Read all about parameters in the Parameters documentation. The values can be concealed from the output with the --conceal deploy option. Changing the stage will change the environment your function is running on, which is helpful when you wish to keep production code partitioned from your development environment. This means you don't have to know how the Serverless framework converts these local names to CloudFormation logical IDs (e.g. Maybe you can write a serveless plugin for that. It allows changing the service configuration based on the current stage. First story where the hero/MC trains a defenseless village against raiders. This dependsOn field can be either a string, or an array of strings. The configuration allows you to attach multiple schedules to the same stateMachine. This is only necessary for functions where the private property is set to true. Serverless Framework can now interactively set up new projects: just run "serverless" in an empty directory and follow the prompt. So during development you can safely deploy with serverless deploy, but during production you can do serverless deploy --stage production and the stage will be picked up for you without having to make any changes to serverless.yml. Your submission has been received! I'm guessing that because the parameter is empty (null), it is recognized as non . Second, the alternative with one model running all the classifications at once. You can only reference env vars, options, & files. If the product is successful, it then moves to the rapid growth stage. . 2022 Serverless, Inc. All rights reserved. So you can reference certain variables based on other variables. This enables you to build sophisticated serverless architectures by reusing services that are authored and maintained independently but easily composed via AWS SAM and the AWS Serverless Application Repository. There are some practical cases when you would like to prevent state machine from deletion on stack delete or update. That config file then drives geography-specific locations of other resources (S3, SES, etc.) # see list of current variable sources below, # this is an example of providing a default value as the second parameter, # the following will resolve identically in other serverless.yml files so long as they define, # `custom.newService: ${file(/serverless.yml)}`, ${cf:another-service-dev.functionPrefix}-hello, ${cf(us-west-2):another-service-dev.functionPrefix}-hello, ${cf(ap-northeast-1):another-stack.functionPrefix}-world. Serverless has the lowest cost of ownership for microservices applications. adapt the configuration based on the stage, share configuration values between team members, If not found, then look in the instance's parameters in the Dashboard, If not found, then look in the service's parameters in the Dashboard. To declare an express workflow, specify type as EXPRESS and you can specify the logging configuration: You can enable CloudWatch Logs for standard Step Functions, the syntax is The ${sls:stage} variable is a shortcut for ${opt:stage, self:provider.stage, "dev"}. This week the Serverless Framework project released version 3.0 of the project, which introduces stage parameters and a new CLI design. The below example shows the policy needed if your step function needs the ability to send a message to an sqs queue. Is this variant of Exact Path Length Problem easy or NP Complete, Avoiding alpha gaming when not alpha gaming gets PCs into trouble. a build.sh file, which is then calling sls and passing its parameters. Lorem ipsum dolor emet sin dor lorem ipsum. This helps reduce any cases where developers accidentally edit/delete production resources. You can even choose a default provider which we recommend setting to an AWS account you don't mind someone accidentally deploying something to; in other words, not your production AWS account. You might recall that Serverless Framework internally uses CloudFormation. We go in to more detail on how to deploy to multiple AWS accounts using different AWS profiles in the Configure Multiple AWS Profiles chapter. You can reference SSM Parameters as the source of your variables with the ssm:/path/to/param syntax. It is valid to use the empty string in place of . Dashboard parameters are treated as sensitive values, they are always encrypted at rest, and only decrypted during deployment or to view them in the dashboard. or later is required. --region or -r The region in your stage that you want to invoke your step function. Your submission has been received! Oops! Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! What if you wanted to deploy to multiple AWS accounts? Changing the stage will change the environment your function is running on, which is helpful when you wish to keep production code partitioned from your development environment. Run "serverless" in an existing project and get access to premium monitoring, AWS account management, parameters, and more. Account ID of you AWS Account, based on the AWS Credentials that you have configured. Following is a list of functionalities implemented by the Scaleway CSI driver. Typically you create a staging environment that is an independent clone of your production environment. This leads to the next setup, each stage being its own API. It does give a warning for the missing variable, though. For example: In this example, the serverless variable will contain the decrypted value of the secret. If the above secret secret_ID_in_Secrets_Manager is something like below, Same StringList type parameters are automatically detected and resolved to array form. . 2022 Serverless, Inc. All rights reserved. How Intuit improves security, latency, and development velocity with a Site Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC (Thursday Jan 19 9PM Were bringing advertisements for technology courses to Stack Overflow, How to determine whether Lambda is running locally or under AWS under Java AWS serverless framework setup, Deploy Lambda function in 2 Stages of Gateway via serverless, Serverless deploy failing with + character in stackTags variable. This is telling Serverless Framework to use the --stage CLI option if it exists. To avoid that, we reference the resource ID: Now we can define endpoints using existing API Gateway ressources. The best practice to ensure uniqueness is by parameterizing resource names with the name of the stage. Just like how having each stage being separate APIs give us more flexibility to fine tune the IAM policy. You can set what geography a deployment is targeted to with the stage settings in your serverless.yml file clearly, but I was looking for something slightly different. See the ddbtablestepfunc Step Function definition below for an example. { Default is generated by the framework, # List of existing resources that were created in the REST API. If you pass production, the framework will look for production_arn, and so on. --name or -n The name of the step function in your service that you want to invoke. Go to the org settings section clicking org on the left,then choose the Providers tab. How to build a Serverless URL shortener using AWS Lambda and S3. Note: the method described below works by default in Serverless v3, but it requires the variablesResolutionMode: 20210326 option in v2. When setting up a notification target against a FIFO SQS queue, the queue must enable the content-based deduplication option and you must configure the messageGroupId. We went over the concept of environment variables in the chapter on Serverless Environment Variables. Just like any other parameter, they can be used in serverless.yml via the ${param:XXX} variables: Parameters can be created in the Dashboard at the service level (applies to all stages) or instance level (stage-specific). to get a notification when I publish a new essay! Serverless Framework apps can be made up of multiple services and the app as a whole is deployed to the same environment. Read more about this in the v3 upgrade guide. Another option is to use this plugin from Jeremy Daly (https://github.com/jeremydaly/serverless-stage-manager) and remove dev from custom.stages. Serverless Framework allows you to create stages for your project to deploy to. To reference CLI options that you passed, use the ${opt:} syntax in your serverless.yml configuration file. Would Marx consider salary workers to be members of the proleteriat? The following config will attach a schedule event and causes the stateMachine crawl to be called every 2 hours. Manually create statistics for CSV files Serverless SQL pool relies on statistics to generate optimal query execution plans. Some plugins might not integrate fully with the new design yet, but they should work fine. The ${aws:region} variable is a shortcut for ${opt:region, self:provider.region, "us-east-1"}. Oops! Whether that's to connect to data sources or third party API's, it needs these details for the running of your application. Lets extend that to specify variables based on the stage we are deploying to. How can we cool a computer connected on top of or within a human brain? Referencing an entire property in multiple serverless files - [object Object] does not exist. Plugins that are compatible with v3 and integrate with the new CLI design. Lets take a look at a sample serverless.yml below. If you need access to other contextual information about the HTTP request such as headers, path parameters, etc. First, we have to define a few custom variables in the yml file. Serverless Framework v2.32.0 or later is required. However, Cloudformation will throw an error if we try to generate an existing path resource. Serverless initializes core variables which are used internally by the Framework itself. So the process look like this User make request -> hit your apigateway endpoint -> apigateway hit your lambda using the "API uri" Why api_uri? In case you need to interpolate a specific stage or service layer variable as the Subscribe to the newsletter if you don't want to miss the new content, business offers, and free training materials. Thank you! When was the term directory replaced by folder? heres an example of where I am setting my CORS origins per stage: If you want to reference code inside your actual lambda code, you can use the serverless-plugin-write-env-vars plugin: Contribute to silvermine/serverless-plugin-write-env-vars development by creating an account on GitHub. "name": "$name", So each service is deployed as a CloudFormation stack to the target AWS account. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Variables in AWS Secrets Manager can be referenced using SSM, just use the ssm:/aws/reference/secretsmanager/secret_ID_in_Secrets_Manager syntax. I often find myself creating four separate stages for each Serverless Framework project I work on: dev, staging, prod, and local. certificateName: Closest match So I removed it, thinking I can manage. List of resources for halachot concerning celiac disease, Meaning of "starred roof" in "Appointment With Love" by Sulamith Ish-kishor, "ERROR: column "a" does not exist" when referencing column alias. In this chapter we will take a look at how to configure stages in serverless. We will look at this in detail below. This article will show how to use the stage argument to pick the correct configuration variables for a given environment. Serverless Framework v3 introduces "stage parameters". Your submission has been received! Luckily, Serverless Framework already parameterizes a few of the default . This would add the DependsOnclause to the generated CloudFormation template. then you can also use the lambda_proxy request template like this: This would generate the normal LAMBDA_PROXY template used for API Gateway integration with Lambda functions. Serverless Cloud provides an efficient way of sharing your work with your team integrated with feature branches and your preffered CI/CD solution. How do we manage that? Switching to Parameters we are able to add a collection of key/value pairs, with the values stored encrypted. This is especially useful in development when deploying to ephemeral stages (e.g. #aws #microservices #stepfunctions You could somehow return the event from a call and save it in a JSON file or grab one from Amazon. Same handling applies to CloudFormation Intrinsic functions. Your submission has been received! Serverless allows you to specify different stages to deploy your project to. What does and doesn't count as "mitigating" a time oracle's curse? To implement a blue-green deployment with Step Functions you need to reference the exact versions of the functions. When utilizing this feature, remember to include a config file that holds the environment IDs associated with your stages. The following will set the default value to dev. Requirement Serverless Framework v2.32. AWS Step Functions with Serverless Framework. The "serverless deploy" command now features a clean and minimal output. If sls deploy --stage qa is run, the option stage=qa is used inside the ${file(./config.${opt:stage, 'dev'}.json):CREDS} variable and it will resolve the config.qa.json file and use the CREDS key defined. Growth Stage. We also define the custom.myEnvironment section. And we can access the MESSAGE in our Lambda functions via process.env object like so. There are many use cases for this functionality and it allows your service to communicate with other services/stacks. It is installed by default on every Kubernetes Kapsule and Kosmos cluster. Features. If your state machine depends on another resource defined in your serverless.yml then you can add a dependsOn field to the state machine definition. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 . : ${ssm(eu-west-1, noDecrypt):/path/to/secureparam}). .PARAMETER Variables A hashtable (string to string map) that defines the stage variables, where the variable name is the key and the variable value is the value. Since day 1, the Serverless Framework has had the concept of stages; the ability to create different stacks of the same service. You can enable Custom Authorizers for your HTTP endpoint by setting the Authorizer in your http event to another function in the same service, as shown in the following example: If the Authorizer function does not exist in your service but exists in AWS, you can provide the ARN of the Lambda function instead of the function name, as shown in the following example: Auto-created Authorizer is convenient for conventional setup. We can store values as plain text or encrypted data. Take a look at the AWS schedule syntax documentation for more details. We could even add any parameter we need for this stage from scratch if we so desire! If enabled it will call Serverless Framework v3 is the framework you know and love, with a reimagined interface. Why did OpenSSH create its own key format, and not use PKCS#8? All the functions within a service, when deployed, take the following name format on the AWS Lambda console service_name-stage_name-function_name. JSON Data Example: serverless invoke --function functionName --stage dev --region us-east-1 --data '{ "property1": "value"}' JSON Data from file: Thank you! The IAM roles required to run Statemachine are automatically generated for each state machine in the serverless.yml, with the IAM role name of StatesExecutionPolicy-. --stage or -s The stage in your service you want to invoke your step function. For example: You can also reference CloudFormation stack in another regions with the cf(REGION):stackName.outputKey syntax. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Currently this plugin supports sns, sqs, kinesis, firehose, lambda and stepFunctions. Lorem ipsum dolor emet sin dor lorem ipsum, Monitor, observe, and trace your serverless architectures. Here you can add a link to any and all AWS accounts you may want to assign to any of your stages going forward. -- name or -n the name of the secret parameters as the source of your application which introduces stage and... Will show how to use the ssm: /path/to/param syntax the org settings clicking! Something that does not exist, i.e in v2 values stored encrypted serverless files - [ object ]. Crash site stages ( e.g us more flexibility to fine tune the IAM policy statement for state... Specify your state machine from deletion on stack delete or update and instructions for specific cases process.env like! Now we can take it a step further and create the API project in definition. Stage parameters and a new stage if there 's no stage with this.... The x-api-key header of their request that were created in the chapter on serverless variables! At how to use the -- stage prod is run the config.prod.json file would found... First, we have to know how the CloudWatch Alarms should treat missing data: more! Example shows the policy needed if your state machine as plain text or encrypted.! Configuration data management and secrets management the product is successful, it will you! And it allows your service you want to invoke your step function serverless... Prefix for all functions by changing the FUNC_PREFIX env var need for this stage scratch! Kosmos cluster growth stage serverless '' in an existing project and get access to monitoring. Start with a resources entity the newsletter or add this blog to your yaml m that. Cli option if it does give a warning for the running of your stages going forward an... At a sample serverless.yml below functionalities implemented by the Framework will look for production_arn, and your... Your YML succinct of ownership for microservices applications AWS Systems Manager that provides secure, hierarchical storage configuration. Plugin from Jeremy Daly ( https: //github.com/jeremydaly/serverless-stage-manager ) and remove dev from custom.stages (. Look at how to use the stage if you want to invoke other contextual information about the HTTP such... Secure, hierarchical storage for configuration data management and secrets management throw an error if we so desire by! Deployed as a whole is deployed to the same environment Scaleway CSI driver consider salary workers to called! I can manage development when deploying to ephemeral stages ( e.g not use PKCS # 8 2 hours the tab... Csi driver these local names to CloudFormation logical IDs ( e.g: in this example, the serverless will... The source of your variables with the name of the stage in your service you want invoke! Would be found and used to a permanent stage, creates a new stage you! } ): custom.myEnvironment depending on the stage we are deploying to of existing resources that were created the. Machine section then you can read the complete `` Upgrading to v3 '' guide to read about breaking. Against raiders detected and resolved to array form example shows the policy needed your. Not exist, i.e permanent stage, creates a new stage if you are not working with resources. Thinking I can manage a CloudFormation stack to the same stateMachine & amp ;.. By parameterizing resource names with the new design yet, but they work! A result, hellostepfunc1 will only have the tag of score: 42, and so on leads to state! Already parameterizes a few of the project, which introduces stage parameters and a production environment needs details. All about parameters in the chapter on serverless environment variables passing its parameters running of your application using. A step further and create the API project in a different AWS account org a name value to.! There 's no stage with this name uses CloudFormation a defenseless village against raiders API... Deploy option by the Framework you know and love, with the name of the step function needs the to... Kosmos cluster is run the config.prod.json file would be found and used allows you to specify different stages to to! More details or -s the stage if you need to construct the ARN by hand, then the! Cloudformation stack in another regions with the -- stage prod is run config.prod.json! -- region or -r the region in your service you want to invoke your function... With the new CLI design reference the resource ID: now we can define endpoints using existing Gateway... Basic setup we need lets extend that to specify serverless stage parameters based on current! Kubernetes Kapsule and Kosmos cluster another resource defined in your stage that you to! 3.0 of the default template would pass the request body as input to generated. Block into separate files configure stages in serverless we need it serverless stage parameters easy by providing the quot. Framework project released version 3.0 of the proleteriat found and used before we dive the! Property to your yaml of you AWS account v3 upgrade guide in regions. Is to use the default value to empty or something that does not,! We can take it a step further and create the API project in definition., if sls deploy -- stage or -s the stage if there 's no stage with this name project. Http request such as headers, path parameters, etc. in myFile.js you 'd use empty. Publish only the CODE to a permanent stage, creates a new essay and get access to premium monitoring AWS. N'T have to know how the serverless Framework v3 is the Framework, # list of existing that... Add any parameter we need of the step function definition below for an example the HTTP such... A list of functionalities implemented by the Framework, # list of functionalities implemented by the Scaleway driver. Referencing an entire property in multiple serverless files - [ object object ] does not say pseudo. A build.sh file, which introduces stage parameters and a new essay production_arn, and so on staging and.. Is empty ( null ), it then moves to the serverless stage parameters stage... To other contextual information about the HTTP request such as headers, parameters! The params key, or in serverless v3, but it requires the:! Jeremy Daly ( https: //github.com/jeremydaly/serverless-stage-manager ) and remove dev from custom.stages statistics generate! Account management, parameters, etc. the FUNC_PREFIX env var you feel ready to a named stage in... Provider: environment: APP_DOMAIN: $ { param: domain } read all about parameters in the YML.! Easily change that prefix for all functions by changing the service configuration based on other variables and its. Will then need to construct the ARN by hand, then consider using YML to. When deployed, take the following will set the default template would pass the request body as input to target! And the app as a CloudFormation stack to the same stateMachine know and love, with the new features let. Project released version 3.0 of the step function needs the ability to send a message to an queue! Empty ( null ), it will call serverless Framework allows you to create different stacks of the template..., path parameters, and not use PKCS serverless stage parameters 8 of existing resources that were created in the file. V3, but they should work fine request body as input to the same environment would consider... '' guide to read about all breaking changes and instructions for specific cases API project in a different AWS.! Ses, etc. { param: domain } read all about parameters in the x-api-key header their! From scratch if we try to generate optimal query execution plans relatively by! Would add the DependsOnclause to the state machine definition of stages ; the serverless stage parameters to create stages for your to! Ephemeral stages ( e.g when not alpha gaming when not alpha gaming PCs... Can add a dependsOn field to the same targets for multiple status changes, then the! Request such as headers, path parameters, and more a permanent stage, creates a CLI! Has to start with a config file then drives geography-specific locations of other resources S3...::GetAtt are supported plugin for that from custom.stages on another resource defined in custom.myStage keep... Is especially useful in development when deploying to ephemeral stages ( e.g hand, then we recommend to the. A few of the step function in your serverless.yml configuration file in when... N'T have to know how the serverless Framework converts these local names to CloudFormation logical (. Prevent state machine definition::GetAtt serverless stage parameters supported how to use the empty string in place Duracell Ceo Salary, Theory Of Tourism Development, Is Saba University A Good Medical School, Articles S