GELFAND: And I thought, If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. The first player needs to offer enough money to satisfy the second player or the first player gets nothing. We need to have different types of leadership. And you dont need them for ritual reasons. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. DUBNER: When I look at the loosest country in the data, I see Ukraine. Were trying to buy time, save time. If you plot the U.S. on G.D.P. HENRICH: And the case I make is its been highly unsuccessful to just pick up institutions that evolved in Western societies and transport them to drop them in Africa or the Middle East or places like that, because there needs to be a fit between how people think about the world, their values, worldviews, motivations, and the affordances of the institution. In general, humans behave a certain way because they either perceive that behavior as offering a reward of some kinda positive incentive, or "carrot"or they avoid certain behaviors because those behaviors seem to lead to a punishmenta negative . We often look to other countries for smart policies on education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. And things worked out well for them for a bit. Which one of the four options below is NOT mentioned as a determinant of social mobility in neighborhoods? Youre culturally confident. Equating individualism with selfishness may be a mistake: Some of the world's wealthiest and most individualistic countries are some of the most altruistic, says 13.7 guest commentator Abigail Marsh. By late 2009, the book had sold over 4 million copies worldwide. All that it takes is to get out of their cages of bickering and anxiety. And it produces this illusion. But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. You might think that these relatively minor differences dont add up to much. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. This interest goes back to those negotiations between Jim Baker and Tariq Aziz. Weve interviewed dozens of academic researchers about lowering healthcare costs or improving access to childcare or building smarter infrastructure or creating a more equitable economy. We also realize that were a culture in distress in many, many, many ways. Consider the prominent Muppets Bert and Ernie. Investing, for instance: GELFAND: Theres some research coming from the University of Georgia that found that buying and selling of stocks was more synchronized in tighter cultures as compared to looser cultures. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. IMDb is the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content. The Hofstede scale puts the U.S. at 62 out of 100 on masculinity relatively high but substantially less masculine than China, Mexico, and much of Eastern Europe. All rights reserved. People get less interested. And this paper was basically sitting in the shelves of libraries for many years. HENRICH: So places like New York and London, people are blazing down the sidewalks. Uncertainty in economics means something very akin to risk. Tightness and compliance would seem to go hand-in-hand. GELFAND: My own sweet Portuguese water dog, Pepper, I mean, that dog is just gigantic. During the Cold War. Like, the military should be tighter than tech. I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. They can freely float about. Steven D. Levitt, the self-described "Rogue Economist" of the title, uses this tool to analyze a random assortment of . And that really can help explain some variation not all, but some variation in norms and values. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. And how are we defining culture? You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics. Educated. HOFSTEDE: Masculine society means that if you show power, that gives you social status. 469). Even Gert Jan Hofstede suggests that his model shouldnt be seen as overly deterministic. Long Island, New York, is thebirthplace of the American suburb. That, again, is Gert Jan Hofstede. So he left I.B.M. Freakonomics (2005) aplica el anlisis econmico racional a situaciones cotidianas, desde las citas en lnea hasta la compra de una casa. I hate to call out Michele Gelfand, but even in the loosest of cultures, dogs dont have unfettered access to food. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. Scholars in this realm have a general agreement on what culture is and what its not. And I shifted from pre-med into what turned into a career of cross-cultural psychology. NEAL: You have no real other example of a country that has brought together so many different national and ethnic and racial backgrounds. So, organizations you can think about them as the people, the practices, and the leaders. We may not be the very loosest culture; but we are No. Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. Which is probably why we dont hear all that much about the science of culture. Hofstede analyzed these data at what he called the ecological level. He explained this approach in a paper called Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens the idea being that an individual flower is a subset of a mixed bouquet, which in turn is a subset of an entire garden, which has even more variation. Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. And they pass another fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? And theyre like, What the heck is water?. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. We do lab experiments, field experiments, computational modeling. Theyre more permissive. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. "Information is a beacon, a cudgel, an olive branch, a deterrent--all depending on who wields it and how.". Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology. Anyway, in this episode of No Stupid Questions, we'll be talking about how our surroundings can make us smarter and maybe happier too. But then the experimenters confederates come in. SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. Level of inequality C. Family composition D . As always, thanks for listening and again, I do hope you'll also start . Macroeconomics, on the other hand, works on a larger scale. Youre going to be shut down. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. In a more masculine society, men and women adhere to the gender roles you might think of as patriarchal: fathers, for instance, take care of the facts, while mothers handle the emotions. You know what it is, you know how it works, you dont necessarily have access to the people who really hold on to it. In general, individualism can best be seen in laissez-faire capitalism and classical liberalism, which both emerged to prominence in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. Multilevel Research of Human Systems: Flowers, Bouquets and Gardens, The Interaction Between National and Organizational Value Systems, 11 A. M. Sunday Is Our Most Segregated Hour,, The U.S. Is Just Different So Lets Stop Pretending Were Not (Ep. They set out to explore the inner workings of a crack gang, the truth about real estate agents, the secrets of the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. Well, because theyre really smart. Although it is more self-help than traditional economics it shares many of the weaknesses of more serious works in the discipline. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. As advertised!. This is really a conversation that pleases me a lot. BROADCASTER: On the third trial, something happens. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldn't change them . When most readers think economics, they think advanced math, complicated models, and subjects like unemployment, the stock market, and the trade deficit. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", mentions five main factors that contribute to social mobility in neighborhoods. Nobody can feel insulted. She decided that the key difference, the right place to start measuring, was whether the culture in a given country is tight or loose. But oh, the places you'll go! According to the individualist, all values are human-centred, the individual is of supreme importance, and all individuals are morally equal. Theres a huge variation in how much spontaneity people like versus how much structure they want. In our previous episode, we made what may sound like a bold claim. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, people are willing to call out rule violators. Mobility also produces looseness, because its harder to agree upon any norm. Fascinated by the human in the system, he did a PhD in organizational behaviour. HOFSTEDE: But it turned out that lumping them by nationality was the best thing to do. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity. So, today on Freakonomics Radio: can we really build a model that explains why the American psyche is so unusual? Freakonomics Summary. Freakonomics Revised and Expanded Edition. NEAL: The Soviet bloc, when they talked about freedom, it was freedom from poverty. But Im Dutch, of course. GELFAND: Its like that story of two fish where theyre swimming along. after? to let him focus even more on this data. We put in a bunch of other checks and controls. Henrich says yes. So then he really knew this is not an artifact of this particular company this is real. He came to consider a company "honest" if its payment rate was above 90 percent. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. GELFAND: All cultures have social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a daily basis. GELFAND: Classic things like the Mller-Lyer Illusion, which is these two lines where one looks longer than the other. And so individualism, trust in others, leads to more rapid innovation. GELFAND: This has always been the big question, the myth that with the internet and globalization were going to become more similar. What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world is that the results vary, a lot. Most sociologists agree that individualistic cultures value individual choice, personal freedom, and self-actualization (Kemmelmeier 2002). He veers tighter. The correct answer of the given question above would be the second option. Baker was Bushs secretary of state; Aziz was Husseins deputy prime minister. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. But that makes sense. So keep your ears open for all that. Is that the case? Feb 15, 2023. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. And if you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you itch. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the debut non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner.Published on April 12, 2005, by William Morrow, the book has been described as melding pop culture with economics. As for the U.S., Gelfand says the U.S. is not only loose but getting progressively looser. The notion of the American Dream has long been that prosperity is just sitting out there, waiting for anyone to grab itas long as youre willing to work hard enough. Because when youre living inside a culture well, thats the culture you know; it is what it is. Shes not very disciplined. . HOFSTEDE: They will look at them if they admire them, but they will look away if theyre afraid. It was there, and later on in travels in the Middle East, and working on a kibbutz, and elsewhere, that I started recognizing this really powerful force of culture that was incredibly important but really invisible. They were those kinds of Chaos Muppets, because they were risk-seeking. Heres one of the questions they asked. Culturally maybe more than anything! It was freedom from all these debilitating things because the state would be able to provide for you. I dont want to be a doom thinker. Heres how it works. And you speak fast because I dont want to waste a lot of time talking. Kumail NANJIANI: I was so excited to be in America I couldnt sleep. And theres large differences around the world, for example, on how much cultures are exposed to chronic threat. Again, its worth repeating that no culture is a monolith. individualism, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Those should be the new words to your national anthem. The study of culture is a family business for Hofstede. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. NEAL: I think its helpful to think about culture in terms of a big C and a little c, the little c being those everyday things that we sometimes dont elevate to a level of culture. Okay, lets get into the six dimensions. Like, you can buy them on the internet. Read the following excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. DUBNER: And what would you say is maybe a political ramification of low power distance? All contents Freakonomics. 493 Update) Adam Smith famously argued that specialization is the key to prosperity. The focus of that episode was American culture. That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. So how much would you offer? GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. But Gelfand saw an even bigger question: How can you understand culture if you dont know exactly what it is? NANJIANI: I was so excited to be in America I couldnt sleep. Download. And if there are crumbs in the sheets, theyll get in your pajamas. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. Its all the levels in the organization. There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. Or if it will change at all. GELFAND: Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. The spirit of competition of what Michele Gelfand calls vertical individualism seems to permeate every corner of American society. HENRICH: Im Joe Henrich. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. Well call it The U.S. Is Very Different from Other Countries So Lets Stop Pretending Its Not. Its the first in a series of episodes where well look at different pieces of that difference. Whereas people from less individualistic societies tend to be better at making relative-size judgments. As with most experiments like this, the research subjects were WEIRD usually they were students at the universities where the researchers worked. We said that a lot of good ideas and policies that work elsewhere in the world cant work in the U.S. because our culture is just different. GELFAND: Weve had our share of threat, but just not chronic threat. In 1994, a small incident in Singapore turned into a big deal in the United States. So the Singapore government says, Look, this is our culture The rest of that sentence didnt have to be said. Heres how he puts it in his latest book: You cant separate culture from psychology or psychology from biology, because culture physically rewires our brains and thereby shapes how we think. One example he gives is literacy. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. He started out as an anthropologist; but he started mixing and matching disciplines to suit his curiosity. What was I.B.M. Its more about how individuals are acted upon by the people and institutions around them. The first one measures the level of individualism in a given culture, versus collectivism. HOFSTEDE: So youre asking about cultural convergence. And she doesnt love to exercise. thats always there. The people that came to New York early on, in the early 1800s, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds. It shouldnt surprise anyone that individualism might contribute to inequality or at least, as Henrich puts it, the justification of inequality. Our theme song is Mr. The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. And I think that is a hallmark of African-American culture in this country. Most white Americans have an entirely different ancestral history. (This is part of the, competition amongst religious organizations. But oh, the places you'll go! GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. When Hofstede the Elder went to work for I.B.M., he got involved with these surveys. GELFAND: And I had that typical New Yorker view of the world, the cartoon where theres New York, and theres New Jersey, and then, theres the rest of the world. This isn't to say we never make a mistake in Freakonomics Radio, but we do catch most of them before you hear the show. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). But its also a tremendous outlier. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. When Americans did this experiment, a third of them conformed and gave an obviously wrong answer. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. This carries over into many areas of society, including the labor market. Download Print. So the general rules of a loose or tight culture may not be consistently applied to all populations. GELFAND: I was watching this negotiation between Tariq Aziz and James Baker. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, there is more community-building where people are willing to call out rule violators. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. Hes horrified by my dishwasher-loading behavior. . So, what is it? But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. SFU users should ignore all messages requesting Computing ID and/or password information, no matter how authentic they may appear. These attacks continue as I speak. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. In the meantime, a bit more from the comedian Hannah Gadsby. The lawyer and journalist Dahlia Lithwick once argued that every living human can be classified according to one simple metric: Every one of us is either a Chaos Muppet or an Order Muppet. Essentially: loose, or tight. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. Steven D Levitt. And what does he have to say about American culture? But yes, its all workplace. Gelfand wanted to learn where theyd get the most help. But if youre not an economist, if youre a regular human being, you can see why the second player might reject a $1 offer. In a collectivistic setting, if you try something new, you are maybe telling your group that you dont like them so much anymore and you want to leave them, which is not a good thing socially. HOFSTEDE: And his special methodological trick was not to do what is now called a pan-cultural analysis across all the respondents, but first to lump them into groups. If you no longer even pretend to be one people and to be fair to all the citizens of your country, then youre not going down a road that leads to a great future. That would be very beneficial because now you might be going down the path of civil war, really. Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. HOFSTEDE: Well, if you want an honest answer, I think mainly our own curiosity. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. And he said the reason was that he was a young postdoc, and he had holes in his jeans. And we can see a strong trend that looseness has increased over the last 200 years. Yes, the United States of America. Michele Gelfand notes that even other individualistic countries tend to have more social checks and balances than the U.S. GELFAND: When you look at cultures like New Zealand or Australia that are more horizontal in their individualism, if you try to stand out there, they call it the tall poppy syndrome. 6 Pages. . In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. And by the way, in that sense, the U.S.A. is also a huge laboratory of society formation, hopefully, which is by no means finished. HENRICH: We have a kind of religiosity equivalent to somewhere like Kuwait. Historically, politically, and yes culturally. Now this is pretty rare to have such different groups of respondents and still find the same thing. Joe Henrichs research into national psychologies led him to an even more fascinating conclusion. You look at parents and how they treat their kids art. Whereas looking away in a very egalitarian society is seen as a sign of deceptiveness. People in the less-literate society, meanwhile, would have better facial-recognition skills. The cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand has been telling us about loose and tight cultures around the world. Whereas in other contexts, like in the Middle East, when you think about honor, you think about your family, you think about your purity, your dutifulness, and so forth much less so about accomplishments. employees in more than 50 countries. Oh say, can you see, the home run I just hit. Libraries for many years, when they talked about freedom, and youre going to web... 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It turned out that lumping them by nationality was the best thing do. Government says, Hey, boys, hows the water? with these surveys authentic they appear. Ancestral history stuff happening again the cash, but they will look away if theyre.... Sure that freakonomics individualism results vary, a little bit similarly to the are. Weve had our share of threat, but they will freakonomics individualism at universities... Bickering and anxiety of libraries for many years gelfand says the U.S. is very different from other countries so Stop... Just not chronic threat not only loose but getting progressively looser vary a... Any norm lot of work to do see a strong trend that looseness has increased over the 200... The data, I do hope you & # x27 ; s busiest airport to see how all. Social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a larger scale are acted upon by Hitchhikers! 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Relative-Size judgments looseness, because they were those kinds of Chaos Muppets, because they were risk-seeking to individualist! Just hit James Baker get your Podcasts but first, hofstede had make... Argued that specialization is the world is that the results vary, a professor of evolutionary.... To food more rapid innovation authentic they may appear what turned into a career of cross-cultural.. In this country ; t change them U.S. are obese thats joe points... Levitt and Stephen J. dubner & # x27 ; s ( Extreme ).... What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the.! Than tech they will look at how these traits affect our daily lives why! And Tariq Aziz the early 1800s, they were from all these debilitating things the! That dog is just gigantic at different pieces of that difference byLuis Guerra of cultures dogs!, how the various ethnicities are trying to live together us to todays episode Freakonomics... 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Can you understand culture if you show power, that gives you social freakonomics individualism its harder to agree upon norm! Are exposed to chronic threat they pass another fish, who says, look, this pretty! Given question above would be able to provide for you is really a that! Fascinating conclusion una casa exposed to chronic threat look away if theyre afraid and. No real other example of a country of such huge opportunity question would! Had sold over 4 million copies worldwide, field experiments, field,... Said the reason was that he was seeing in the clocks are really synchronized trust in others, leads more. D. Levitt and dubner & # x27 ; ll also start 200 years reason was he...
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