The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C.[304] The states and the District of Columbia choose the president of the United States. [215] Asian Americans are the country's second-largest racial minority (the three largest Asian ethnic groups are Chinese, Filipino, and Indian). Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. Among the D.C. mayor and the five territorial governors, there are four Democrats, one Republican, and one New Progressive.[319]. [270], About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools.

By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States. [262], Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal. [227], The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate education, are Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). The name "Columbia" originates from Christopher Columbus, and is popular in American poetry and songs of the late 18th century as a personification of the land; it provides the names for the District of Columbia and other places in the Western Hemisphere. Following the collapse of détente, he abandoned "containment" and initiated the more aggressive "rollback" strategy towards the Soviet Union. [356] The United States possesses the second-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world. [427][428][429] The economic impact and mass unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has raised fears of a mass eviction crisis,[430] with an analysis by the Aspen Institute indicating that between 30 and 40 million people are at risk for eviction by the end of 2020. [92] After the Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans. [234] These include Judaism (1.9%), Islam (0.9%), Hinduism (0.7%), and Buddhism (0.7%). [8] Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66% of the nation's total water area. [460], In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. In the late 18th century, the U.S. began vigorously expanding across North America, gradually acquiring new territories, oftentimes conquering and displacing Native Americans, and admitting new states; by 1848, the United States spanned the continent. [331][332], The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau through the Compact of Free Association. [445], Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic, competitiveness, and individualism,[449] as well as a unifying belief in an "American creed" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government. She holds a Certificate of Advanced Study in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from California State University. [218], About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[181] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. There are different estimates showing the total land area of the country, but all of them show the country as being more than 3.5 million square miles (9 million sq km). Apart from off-shore U.S. islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous U.S. are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. [113], In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage. [190] The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Reconstruction began in earnest following the war. [30][31][32] The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to represent the first wave of human settlement of the Americas. [176][177] Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is 10,931 square miles (28,311 km2) in area. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate. [440] In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. [38] The Iroquois Confederacy, located in the southern Great Lakes region, was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[464].


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