The IMF, World Bank, and GATT set the institutional para­meters for international economic interchanges based on free trade and access by the United States to markets in the non-socialist world; the foreign assistance program structured the economic systems of the European nations such that they would evolve in ways most conducive to U.S. investment and trade. Europe was devastated by years of conflict during World War II. The United States Central Intelligence Agency funneled money to anti-communist trade unions and prominent intellectuals to reduce the appeal of European communist parties which were correctly believed to be in a good position to win contested parliamentary elections. Bland, Larry. Ultimately, politics motivated all five facets of the mission. 2 (October 2009): 209-240. A $3.75 billion loan to the British in 1946 and the $400 million loan to Greece and Turkey in 1947 were mere preludes to the much larger foreign assistance program known as the Marshall Plan. Kakridis, Andreas. All you need to do is look through and enjoy. New York: Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development, 1968. Washington, D.C.: American Hellenic Institute Foundation, 1998. "Implementation of the Aid Program." When formulating future research, this study would suggest two potential courses. Later the Kolkos assessed the impact of the Marshall Plan (formally designated the European Recovery Program) on European workers: But for the working class of Europe the ERP experience of capitalist reconstruction was an unequivocal calamity. European purchases were circumscribed by pressures from US industrialists and their representatives in Congress and in ECA administrative circles. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 28, no. At that point, the KKE had come to realize that they would not be able to persist as a political force outside of the system as a result of the Soviet Union's refusal to extend aid and the insufficiency of funds coming from their cross-border allies (Botsiou 2009, 312). Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States established AMAG, and delivered a total of $400 million, mostly in the form of military aid, to Greece (Jones 1998, 26). Documents about the support for and the opposition of the Marshall Plan. VMI Parade | P.O. Shop & Save on 100s of US and Worldwide stamps in our monthly promo bulletins! By 1947, the Truman Administration was ready to launch a full-scale military, economic, political, and cultural assault on what would be called “international communism.” The Greek Civil War could be the excuse needed to generate support from the American people for the new Cold War. In exchange, the English gained significant control over Greece's monetary and trade policy, with the 10 million pound loan and an additional 15 million pounds from the Bank of Greece placed under British control (Vetsopoulos 2009, 279). First, the ECA pressured the Euro­pean nations to adopt economic policies that today would be called “neoliberal.” The ECA demanded balanced budgets, stable currencies, high profit mar­gins, low wages, and non-egalitarian tax structures. Furthermore, Marshall Plan funds paid for important clean-water projects both in rural areas and in major cities (Munkman 1958, 188). Of the $1,149.8 billion of US aid to Greece from April 1948 to June 1955, $3,740 billion, or 22.7 percent, was formally allocated to military aid (Greece, Statistical Data Book 1956, 45). In order to avert monetary collapse, the military government flooded Greece with gold sovereigns, expanding on the groundwork for the Greeks' over-reliance on the sovereign as currency in times of post-war instability (Kofas 1989, 11). Military assistance to Greece and Turkey was being given. Radical thinking among the far-right is a growing security problem for modern western society. The United States would own 5 percent of this fund and could use it for various purposes, but primarily to purchase strategic material for its own stockpile. number of Greek politicians and bourgeoisie prevented the implementation of the American Intervnetion in Greece, 1943-1949. 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