An army, besides the generalized meanings of ‘a country's armed forces’ or its ‘land forces’, is … In the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary.

On 2 September 1918 the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) was established as the main military administration under Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. Free from international war, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Communist forces, including the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, the "Black Army" led by Nestor Makhno, the anti-White and anti-Red Green armies, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, but mainly the White Movement of several different anti-socialist military confederations. The Finnish War, for example, was conducted by the Leningrad Military District.

[citation needed] In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General Mikhail Tukhachevsky to place blocking units behind politically unreliable Red Army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the GRU (military intelligence) to provide political and military intelligence to Red Army commanders.

Now-Russian Ground Forces remained in Tajikistan, Georgia and Transnistria.

1919 to 1923: Some peripheral battles continued for two more years, and remnants of the White forces continued in the Far East into 1923. For maximum tactical effect aircraft should be employed en masse, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance."[35]. Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "engineer 3rd rank," "division engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. [29], The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19 occurred at the same time as the general Soviet move into the areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons.

The Soviet Ground Forces (Russian: советские сухопутные войска, romanized: Sovetskaya Sukhoputnye Voyska, SSV)[2] was the main land warfare uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces existed between February 1946 until when the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar, or politruk, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. Among other minor changes, the major change that came in early 1944 was the conversion of 1 of 3 Rifle Platoons into a Submachine Gun Platoon. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical weapons. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fear in which high officers lived. Stalin increased mobilization, and by 1 August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's strength was 401 divisions.[49]. [80] Following the decisive victory in the Battle of Moscow in January 1942, the high command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. B and V divisions were lower-readiness, 50–75% (requiring at least 72 hours of preparation) and 10–33% (requiring two months) respectively. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance. [33] The list of Soviet Union divisions 1917–1945 details the formations of the Red Army in that time. [91][92], Recently declassified data indicate that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. Beginning in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in December 1991. After the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt to depose President Gorbachev, the Academy of Soviet Scientists reported that the armed forces did not much participate in the coup launched by the neo-Stalinists in the CPSU. [24] A report in 1999 argued that the greatest opportunity for terrorist organizations to procure weapons is in the former Soviet Union. In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. [6] From 1945 to 1948, the Soviet Armed Forces were reduced from about 11.3 million to about 2.8 million men,[7] a demobilisation controlled first, by increasing the number of military districts to 33, then reduced to 21 in 1946. Слава Радянській Армії!

In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger tank formations of corps size were fielded to employ armour in mass again. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: most were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in 1942 after two years of our greatest defence effort. On campaign, the attached Cheka Special Punitive Brigades conducted summary field courts-martial and executions of deserters and slackers. [47][48] The Axis forces deployed on the Eastern Front consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). On 12 November 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and because of an "accident" during the forceful displacement of the commander-in-chief, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917. [61] However, as many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943. 30,000 armoured combat vehicles, at least 13,000 artillery pieces, and just under 1,500 helicopters. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. Rifle Battalion of the Rifle Regiment Rifle Company (Early 1944—Early 1945) (Early 1943—Early 1944) Tank Battalion of the Tank Brigade Medium Tank Company (Early 1944—Mid 1945)

The Soviet Ground Forces was the main land warfare uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces existed between February 1946 until when the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991.

Until 25 February 1946, it was known as the Red Army, established by decree on 15 January 1918 "to protect the population, … In some cases the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army. On 6 September 1918 alongside the chief headquarters the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by Nikolai Rattel. [17][13], On 6 September 1918 the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme command of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (Russian: Революционный Военный Совет, romanized: Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet)). Per a 1941 Stalin directive, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the last" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "There are no Soviet prisoners of war, only traitors.


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