By 1433 it was simply referred to as the Great Horde. However, the Yuan court was unable to send quick military support. Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq Khan, Batu's son, who was a Christian, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) by Batu in 1252. [63] The seven Mongol princes were sent by Janibeg to assist Poland. [125] By the beginning of the 14th century, noyans from the Sanchi'ud, Hongirat, Ongud (Arghun), Keniges, Jajirad, Besud, Oirat, and Je'ured clans held importants positions at the court or elsewhere. In Bukhara, he and Hulagu slaughtered all the retainers of the Golden Horde and reduced their families into slavery, sparing only the Great Khan Kublai's men. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in 1449 made a direct attack on Moscow. By 1444, the Golden Horde has splintered into several squabbling successor states, which proved unable to resist the expansion of a newly united Russia. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate.[9]. Despite Russian efforts at proselytizing in Sarai, the Mongols clung to their traditional animist or shamanist beliefs until Uzbeg Khan (1312–41) adopted Islam as a state religion. I just added the alleged flag of the Golden Horde. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en, Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedication, CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication, copyrighted, dedicated to the public domain by copyright holder, List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia, List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe, User:Alexis Ivanov/List of wars involving Crimean Khanate, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg, The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the, (BOT): Reverting to most recent version before archival, (BOT): Uploading old version of file from en.wikipedia; originally uploaded on 2012-04-25 07:10:50 by.

The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian Золотая Орда (Zolotája Ordá), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan. But thanks to Toqta Khan's peace mission dispatched to the Ilkhan Gaykhatu earlier in 1294, the period of peace inaugurated was to last mostly uninterruptedly, until 1318.

[98] Encouraged by the news of Muscovite defeat, Mamai sent an army against Dmitri Donskoy, who defeated the Mongol forces at the Battle of the Vozha River in 1378. On hearing about this, Andrey renounced his claims to Vladimir and Novgorod and returned to Gorodets. In 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the Battle of the Vorskla River but were defeated. It struck the Crimea in 1345 and killed over 85,000 people. CC BY-SA 2.5 Toqta had his son stationed troops in Saqchi and along the Danube as far as the Iron Gate. A Mongol contingent supported the Novgorodians in the Battle of the Ice and Novgorodians paid taxes to the Horde. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in 1449 made a direct attack on Moscow. But the Mongols sacked Sudak under the Khan in 1322 when the Christians defied the Muslims in the city. Berke's persuasion might have forced his brother Batu to postpone Hulagu's operation, little suspecting that it would result in eliminating the Jochid predominance there for several years. Zafar-Nameh). Friendly relations were established with the Byzantine Empire for a brief period after Öz Beg married Andronikos III Palaiologos's illegitimate daughter, who came to be known as Bayalun. [49] The Genoese resisted for a year, but in 1308 set fire to their city and abandoned it. [81] From 1339 he received annually 24,000 ding in Yuan paper currency from the Jochid appanages in China. The descendants of Orda ruled the area from the Ural River to Lake Balkhash. [15] The khanate apparently used the term White Horde to refer to its right wing, which was situated in Batu's home base in Sarai and controlled the ulus. [114], Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde. Independently from the Khan, Nogai expressed his desire to ally with Baybars in 1271. The Mongol armies would never again travel so far west. The Mongols took censuses of Rus' lands in 1245, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1274, and 1275. Timur Khwaja (1361), Abdullah (1362–1370) The Golden Horde (Mongolian:Altan Ord, Zuchiin Uls) was a Mongolian khanate that was established in the 13th century and formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire.

Chimtay (1344–1360)

Kliknij na datę/czas, aby zobaczyć, jak plik wyglądał w tym czasie. [59] From 1339 he received annually 24,000 ding in Yuan paper currency from the Jochid appanages in China. [91] The Genoese merchants in the other towns were not molested. Timur's forces reached as far north as Ryazan before turning back. He was named Urus, which means Russian in Turkish language, because his mother was apparently a Rus' princess. [96], Berdi Beg was killed in a coup by his brother Qulpa in 1359. In 1293 Toqta Khan sent a punitive expedition led by his brother, Tudaun (Dyeden in Russian chronicles), to Russia and Belarus to punish those stubborn subjects. Chokra Khan (1414–1417) However he was defeated by Muscovy's ally Qasim Khan. His army was defeated by the Grand prince Dmitri Donskoy at the Battle of Kulikovo in his second consecutive victory over the Tatars in 1380. [8] The khanate was called the Ulus of Jochi ('realm of Jochi' in Mongolian) in the records of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries such as the Yuanshi and the Jami' al-tawarikh. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. In 1241, however, the Ögedei Khan died in Mongolia homeland. Talabuga's army made unsuccessful attempts to invade the Ilkhanate in 1288 and 1290. [119], While the Mongols generally did not directly administer the Eastern European lands they conquered, in the cases of the Principality of Pereyaslavl, Principality of Kiev, and Podolia, they removed the native administration altogether and replaced it with their own direct control. [92], The Black Death of the 1340s was a major factor contributing to the economic downfall of the Golden Horde. In 1372, Urus marched west and occupied Sarai. Nogai compelled Serbian king Stefan Milutin to accept Mongol supremacy and received his son, Stefan Dečanski, as hostage in 1287. The objective of the Golden Horde in conquered lands revolved around obtaining recruits for the army and exacting tax payments from its subjects. Batu allowed Möngke's census takers to operate freely in his realm, though his prestige as kingmaker and elder Borjigin was at its height. [43], After Mengu-Timur died, rulers of the Golden Horde withdrew their support from Kaidu, the head of the House of Ögedei. Smolensk was lost to Lithuania. [24] However, some elites of the White Horde joined Ariq Böke's resistance. Berke was a devoted Muslim who had had a close relationship with the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim, who had been killed by Hulagu in 1258. Sarai carried on a brisk trade with the Genoese trade emporiums on the coast of the Black Sea – Soldaia, Caffa, and Azak. Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Frhdkazan using CommonsHelper. [82] When the Ilkhanate collapsed after Abu Sa'id's death, its senior-beys approached Öz Beg in their desperation to find a leader, but the latter declined after consulting with his senior emir, Qutluq Timür. A similar flag appears in the later Catalan Atlas (1375), providing corroboration.. See also Early Mongol Flags at crwflags.com: . Coin of Berdi Beg of the Golden Horde 762 Hijri (1359 AD). He built a large mosque in the city of Solkhat in the Crimea in 1314 and proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in the Golden Horde. The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class. Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in, Former country articles requiring maintenance, States and territories established in the 1240s, File:Semiradsky Aleksandr Nevsky v Orde.jpg, List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans, Timeline of the Tataro-Mongol Yoke in Russia, http://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA82, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kritika/v008/8.2ostrowski.html, List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states, 1237-1240 (but fighting continues afterward) Chechnya, Template:State successors of Golden Horde, https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde?oldid=1381153, Articles with Russian-language external links. Email This BlogThis! This transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim Sultanate.

By 1315, Öz Beg had successfully Islamicized the Horde and killed Jochid princes and Buddhist lamas who opposed his religious policy. In 1379, Tokhtamysh, a kinsman of Urus Khan, won leadership of the White Horde with the assistance of Tamerlane. Some places such as the town of Tula became the personal property of individual Mongols such as the Khatun Taidula, the mother of Jani Beg. They also allied with the Mamluks of Egypt who were the Il-Khan's enemies. Ulugh Muhammad fled to Lithuania, Kepek tried to raid Odoyev and Ryazan but failed to establish himself in those regions, and Dawlat took advantage of the situation to seize Crimea. In compliance with the order, Batu approached, bringing a large army.


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