Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the Encomienda and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas more generally typically involve the arguments that Spain was the only western power to grant Native Americans rights and to forbid indigenous slavery in the Americas. It may seem like fun and games but this vocab quiz will determine how much you know. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume V., 1582-1583, The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, V7, 1588-1591. The encomienda was a grant of the right to use labor and exact tribute from a given group of natives conveyed to a person in return for service to the Spanish crown. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM established social and racial relations as the basis for the economic and political order in the Spanish areas of the Americas. In turn, encomenderos were to ensure that the encomienda natives were given instruction in the Christian faith and Spanish language, and protect them from warring tribes or pirates; they had to suppress rebellion against Spaniards, and maintain infrastructure. Encomiendas often became a trap for early settlers, resulting in a third generation reduced to penury. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. encomendar=to entrust], system of tributory labor established in Spanish America. Thus began an institution that supported a class of powerful individuals, created by royal fiat, that would figure prominently in the history of the New World for the next century and into the eighteenth century on the fringes of the Spanish New World empire. The encomenderos put the Indians to work mining gold and silver; building houses, town halls, and churches; cultivating indigenous and imported crops; herding animals; and transporting goods. Encomenderos then invested this capital in other enterprises, land above all, contributing to the rise of great estates in the seventeenth century. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order. John Murra, Rolena Adorno & Jorge L. Urioste. The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Though this number has been attributed to the entirety of the Viceroyalty of Peru by Josiah Conder,[45] who added that these numbers also take into account any depopulation of areas around mines. It defined the status of the Indian population in the colonies. The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555. See more. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio. The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork, or other agricultural products. By the time the new laws were passed, 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many Native Peruvians were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. See alsoColonial Administration, Spanish ; Indian Policy, Colonial ; New Mexico ; Pueblo Revolt ; Spanish Borderlands . Mira Caballos, Esteban. Suárez Romero. But overall it did not render good fruit and was officially ended in the late 18th century, although historical records reflect no new conferments of encomiendas after 1721. . The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338-341). Retrieved September 30, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/encomienda. The encomienda was first established in Spain following the Christian conquest of Moorish territories, and it was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Spanish Philippine Journey to the New World. Hernán Cortés granted the first encomiendas in Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro did so in Peru. Origen de las epidemias en la conquista de América, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history", "A History of the Mexican-American People", https://cronologiahistorica.com/tag/blasco-nunez-vela/, https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism, https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola, "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico", "Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IX De las 16 mayores Guerras y Genocidios del siglo XVI de 60.000 a 3.000.000 de muertos", "Genocide of native populations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Basin", "Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes", "DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide", https://www.abc.es/espana/20151014/abci-leyes-espanolas-indias-conquistas-201510132047.html, https://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130303/abci-leyes-indias-derechos-humanos-201303012122.html, https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-bartolome-casas-fraile-espanol-cifras-falsas-para-denunciar-abusos-conquistadores-201607060439_noticia.html, https://www.abc.es/cultura/libros/abci-maria-elvira-roca-barea-hernan-cortes-tenia-hijo-indio-adoraba-mientras-jefferson-vendio-hijos-mestizos-201703010122_noticia.html, https://www.elespanol.com/cultura/historia/20181012/genocida-conquista-america-desmontando-leyenda-dia-hispanidad/344716027_0.html, https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-razones-desmontan-mito-genocidio-america-enfermedades-mataron-95-por-ciento-poblacion-201810121649_noticia.html, "Native Americans experienced a strong population bottleneck coincident with European contact", "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545-1815", "Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis", Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&oldid=981203973, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Chamberlain, Robert S., "Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies", This page was last edited on 30 September 2020, at 22:15. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 Indigenous people and even on such a small scale, it wasn’t long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. Derived from the Spanish verb encomendar (to entrust a mission for someone to fulfill), the mission of the encomienda was to care for and protect indigenous people by awarding part of their labor and produce to men who had served the crown—encomenderos. This system originated in the Catholic South of Spain to extract labor and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moors were defeated in the battle in Granada. They found him unyielding in his zeal to implement the laws, so they beheaded him, setting off a civil war that was not totally quelled until 1549. The Codice Osuna, one of many colonial-era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual encomenderos and those held by the crown.[20]. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with Native Peruvian communities. Royal officials sent decrees ordering the fair treatment of the natives. Their grants also gave them a near monopoly over native labor. . Rodríguez Baquero, Luis Enrique. [19], As noted, the change of requiring the encomendado to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labor or power. Brendan D. O'Fallona and Lars Fehren-Schmitz separately estimated a historic native mortality of about 50% loss with a quick recovery and little loss in diversity. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM established social and racial relations as the basis for the economic and political order in the Spanish areas of the Americas. The encomienda was first established in Spain following the Christian conquest of Moorish territories (known to Christians as the Reconquista), and it was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Spanish Philippines. Luis Navarro (ed.). Kindle Edition. To counter their power, the crown began to issue protective legislation, such as the Laws of Burgos (1512) and the New Laws (1542). The first generation of mestizos…, 1485-1547 In this way, the crown could more easily direct the use of indigenous labor to activities deemed worthwhile, like mining. Madrid: Historia 16, 1987, folios 547[561]-559[573]. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Historia de Guatemala o Recordación Florida (in Spanish). It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread disease epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and resulting turmoil. As councilmen they set prices for basic goods and services as well as the standards of morality and sanitation for the Spanish community. El indio antillano: Repartimiento, encomienda y esclavitud (1492–1542). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. ENCOMIENDA Encomienda is a Spanish word meaning "commission." In exchange for the stolen labor of Indigenous people and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/encomienda, "Encomienda After the conquest of Granada in 1492, the Spanish crown parceled out lands as encomiendas to soldiers who were, in turn, to Christianize the Moors. Dictionary of American History. Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs, 10 Notable Spanish Conquistadors Throughout History, Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador, 10 Facts About the Conquest of the Inca Empire, Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors, Biography of Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca, Biography of Hernán Cortés, Ruthless Conquistador. Encomenderos were still allowed to collect tribute from their grants but could pass them on only to the next generation. [32], Yale University's genocide studies program while citing the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to over 96%.

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