[116], Afghanistan, under the regime of Mohammed Daoud Khan, had hostile relations with both Pakistan and Iran.

[149] In all, the initial Soviet force was around 1,800 tanks, 80,000 soldiers and 2,000 AFVs. Finally, the Soviets used military forays into contested territories in an effort to root out the guerrillas and limit their options. [236] The first shipment of U.S. weapons intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan on January 10, 1980.

[274][279], The UK 's role in the conflict entailed direct military involvement not only in Afghanistan, but the Central Asian republics of the Soviet Union. [96] Symbolic of the different backgrounds of the two factions were the fact that Taraki's father was a poor Pashtun herdsman while Karmal's father was a Tajik general in the Royal Afghan Army. [335][338] The Afghan Army proved their capability without Soviet troops as they managed to restrain the mujahideen attack, resulting in a major defeat for the mujahideen. [295], There have also been numerous reports of chemical weapons being used by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, often indiscriminately against civilians. Between January 2005 and August 2006, Afghanistan endured 64 suicide attacks—a tactic that had been virtually unknown in the country’s history before then. In 1878 the popular British magazine Punch summed up the situation in a cartoon depicting a wary Sher Ali, the Amir of Afghanistan, caught between a growling British lion and a hungry Russian bear. The US decided not to help with reconstruction of the country, instead handing the interests of the country over to US allies Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. There were 115,308 cases of infectious hepatitis, 31,080 of typhoid fever, and 140,665 of other diseases. The British raped hundreds of Afghan women in Istalif (and thousands during the entire course of war), as Arnold Fletcher recounted in his 1965 history of Afghanistan. The Philippines has been the perfect target for Chinese political interference – but it won’t be Beijing’s last victim. [103] The Finnish scholar Raimo Väyrynen wrote about the so-called "Saur Revolution": "There is a multitude of speculations on the real nature of this coup. In 1987, 127 incidents resulted in 234 deaths in Pakistan.

Later on the 201st and 68th Motor Rifle Divisions also entered the country, along with other smaller units. (After the Soviets left, training continued and "tens of thousands" from "some 40 nations" came to prepare for armed insurrections "to bring the struggle back home". [143] The general consensus amongst Afghan experts at the time was that it was not a question of if mujahideen would take Kabul, but only when the mujahideen would take Kabul.[143]. [131], Carter insisted that what he termed "Soviet aggression" could not be viewed as an isolated event of limited geographical importance but had to be contested as a potential threat to US influence in the Persian Gulf region.

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